Telephone and Internet Country Codes in 10 Languages
[English,
Français,Español,Русский,中文,日本語,
العربية
,
Ελληνικά,KiSwahili,हिंदी ]
[en-English,fr-French,es-Spanish,ru-Russian,zh-Chinese,ja-Japanese,ar-Arabic,el-Greek,sw-Swahili,hi-Hindi]
Telephone and Internet Country Codes, specially formatted for
“right-to-left”
languages
العربية
(الفصحى،
مصرى،
الدارجة)،
کوردی،
فارسی،
مازِرونی،
تۆرکجه،
پښتو،
اردو،
سنڌي،
پنجابی،
کٲشُر،
قازاقشا،
ئۇيغۇرچە،
עברית،
ייִדיש،
ܣܘܪܝܬ/ܐܪܡܝܐ،
ߒߞߏ،
𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤬𞤵𞤤𞤣𞤫،
ދިވެހި
[ar-Arabic
(standard, Egyptian, Moroccan),ckb-Central Kurdish,fa-Farsi/Persian,mzn-Mazanderani,azb-South Azerbaijani,ps-Pashto/Pushto,ur-Urdu,sd-Sindhi,pnb-Western Punjabi,ks-Kashmiri,kk-Kazakh,ug-Uyghur,he-Hebrew,yi-Yiddish,syr-Syriac/Neo-Aramaic,nqo-N’Ko,ff-Fulah/Fulani,dv-Dhivehi]
Abbreviations:F.S. Micronesia
=
FM Federated States of Micronesia;
Au. Ext. Terr. =
Australian External Territories [✻]
(NF Norfolk Island,
plus Australian bases in Antarctica).
What does the plus sign (+) mean?
The international standard format for writing telephone numbers is
+ Country City Number.
For example,
+1 202 456 1111(Washington, DC, USA) or
+44 20 7222 1234(London, England, UK) or
+678 23499(Vanuatu, no city code).
The plus symbol indicates
insert your international dialing prefix here.
For the U.S. and Canada, it’s 011. For most of Europe, it’s 00.
There are several other prefixes used in various countries around the world.
Most mobile phones, especially GSM phones, allow you to store numbers in full
international format starting with the plus symbol; the network automatically
substitutes the correct prefix for you.
Many countries write domestic telephone numbers including the
trunk digit ‘0’ with the city code.
In most cases, you must drop the ‘0’
when dialing internationally. For instance, London
(020) 7222 1234
becomes
+44 20 7222 1234.
However, Italy and a few other countries require you to dial the ‘0’.
For instance, Rome
(06) 47613317
becomes
+39 06 47613317.
Transnational Telephone Codes
Transnational Telephone Codes
The North American Numbering Plan, country code
+1,
includes the following countries and territories:
US
United States,
CA
Canada,
AGAntigua & Barbuda(+1 268),
AIAnguilla(+1 264),
SXSint Maarten
(+1 721),
ASAmerican Samoa
(+1 684),
BBBarbados
(+1 246),
BMBermuda
(+1 441),
BSBahamas
(+1 242),
DMDominica
(+1 767),
DODominican Republic(+1 809 and
+1 829 and
+1 849),GDGrenada
(+1 473),
GUGuam
(+1 671),
JMJamaica(+1 876
and +1 658),KNSaint Kitts & Nevis
(+1 869),
KYCayman Islands
(+1 345),
LCSaint Lucia
(+1 758),
MP
Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands/CNMI
(+1 670),
MSMontserrat
(+1 664),
PRPuerto Rico(+1 787 and
+1 939),
TCTurks & Caicos Islands
(+1 649),
TTTrinidad & Tobago
(+1 868),
VCSaint Vincent & the Grenadines
(+1 784),
VGBritish Virgin Islands
(+1 284),
and
VIUS Virgin Islands
(+1 340).
From the U.S. and Canada, dial
1 + xxx + xxx-xxxx
(1, then the area code, then the local number)
for these countries.
Country code
+21
was originally designed to be a unified numbering scheme for
+212 MA Morocco,
+213 DZ Algeria,
+216 TN Tunisia,
and
+218 LY Libya.
Each country had reserved two or three of the
+21X codes.
However, only the codes shown here are actually in use.
In 2011, country code
+211
was assigned to the new nation of
SS South Sudan;
country codes
+210,
+214,
+215,
+217,
and
+219
are unassigned, and no longer reserved for North Africa.
تم
تصميم
رمز
البلد
الهاتفي
+21
في
الأصل
ليكون
مخطط
ترقيم
موحد
لـ
+212MA
المغرب
و
+213DZ
الجزائر
و
+216TN
تونس
و
+218LY
ليبيا.
احتفظت
كل
دولة
باثنين
أو
ثلاثة
من
الرموز
الـ
+21.
ومع
ذلك،
فقط
الرموز
الموضحة
هنا
هي
قيد
الاستخدام
بالفعل.
في
عام
2011،
تم
تعيين
رمز
الهاتف
الدولي
+211
للدولة
الجديدة
في
SS
جنوب
السودان؛
رموز
الهاتف
الدولي
+210
و
+214
و
+215
و
+217
و
+219
لم
تعد
محجوزة
لشمال
إفريقيا.
Country code +388
was assigned for the
“European Telephone Numbering Space.”
The intent was to allow companies, primarily within the European Union,
to have a single number with a European identity, rather than separate
national numbers in the various countries in which they do business.
However, due to lack of demand, the project was discontinued in 2009,
and the
+388
code has been available for reassignment since 2011.
Country code
+800 is
Universal International Freephone Numbers
(UIFN).
These numbers are toll-free from any country that participates in the
UIFN scheme and
from which the number’s owner elects to receive calls.
The numbers are not the same as
1-800
numbers in North America or
0800 or 1800 or similar numbers in other countries.
Country code
+808
is used for international shared-cost services(UISCN).
The caller pays a charge typically comparable
to a domestic long-distance call,
with the called party paying the remainder.
Country code +870
is used for
Inmarsat satellite service,
primarily for
ship-to-shore calls.
(Codes +871
through +874
have been discontinued in favor of the single code
+870.)
Country codes
(+875),
(+876), and
(+877)
are designated for
future mobile maritime satellite services.
Country code +878
is used for
Universal Personal Telecommunications(UPT)
— a global “follow-me” number along the lines of the original
+1 500
within the United States or a British
+44 70
(i.e.,070xx)
number. The subcode
+878 10
is assigned to
VISIONng,
which is to date the only provider that has
applied for numbering resources in
+878.
Country code (+879)
is designated for unspecified future
“national non-commercial purposes.”
Country code +881 is used for global
satellite mobile phones,
with the next digit identifying the operator:
0 or 1 is reserved for ICO Global Communications/Pendrell;
2 or 3 is Ellipso;
6 or 7 is Iridium; and
8 or 9 is Globalstar.
Country code
+882
is used for international networks,
with the next two digits identifying the carrier.
See the table below.
Carriers marked with an asterisk (✻)
provide regional satellite mobile phones.
Country code +883
is designated for “international networks,”
with the next 3 or 4 digits identifying the company.
See the table below.
Country code
+888
was assigned to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs
(UN OCHA)
for disaster relief activities. Numbers within
+888
were assigned temporary and could be reassigned for a
future disaster relief effort. All numbers had 11 digits
following country code
+888.
However, the assignment of country code
+888
has been withdrawn, leaving it available for reassignment.
Country code
+979 is for
adult-oriented premium numbers,
billed at whatever rates the providers choose.
Beware any number advertised as
00 979 or
011-979!
Country code (+991)
is assigned to a trial of a
proposed International Telecommunication
Public Correspondence Service
(ITPCS),
whatever that means.
Country code (+999)
is reserved for an unspecified
future global service.
Telephone country code+882
Networks within telephone country code
+882
10
BT Global Office
12
MCI Hyperstream Int’l
13
✻ Telespazio
15
Telstra/REACH
16
✻ Thuraya •
ثورايا
22
Cable & Wireless Global
23
Sita-Equant
28
Deutsche Telekom Next Gen.
31
Telekom Malaysia
32
Telenor MCP
33
Oration Technologies
34
BebbiCell AG
35
Cisco Systems
36
Jersey Telecom
37
AT&T Cingular Wireless
39
epic (Vodafone) Malta
41
Intermatica
45
Telecom Italia
46
Tyntec Ltd.
47
TRANSATEL
48
Sawatch Ltd.
49
Monaco Telecom
50
Phonegroup SA
51
Athalos Global Services
97
Smart Communications Inc.
98
OnAir NV
99
AeroMobile AS
(📆 ;
✻ = regional satellite telephones)
Telephone country code+883
Networks within telephone country code
+883
100
MediaLincc Ltd.
110
Syniverse Technologies
120
Telenor Connexion AB
130
Orange
140
Multiregional TransitTelecom
150
One Network BV
160
DCN Hub ehf
170
EMnify GmbH
190
Com4 Sweden AB
200
Manx Telecom
210
Telecom26 AG
220
Beezz Comm. Solutions
240
BICS SA
250
MessageBird BV
260
Twilio Inc.
280
Plintron Global
290
Limitless Mobile
300
1NCE GmbH
320
Tele2 Sverige AB
330
Cubic Telecom
340
Podsystem Ltd.
350
Afinna One Srl
360
Telecom Italia Sparkle
370
A1 Telekom Austria AG
380
Eseye Ltd.
390
Airnity SAS
400
Telefónica Móviles España
410
Telefónica Germany GmbH
420
Zain Mobile
430
BJT Partners SAS
5100
Voxbone SA
5110
Bandwidth.com
5120
MTX Connect Ltd.
5130
SIPME Ltd.
5140
Ellipsat Inc.
5150
Wins Ltd.
5160
Tel2tel kft.
5170
DIDWW
5180
Legos
5190
Nokia Corp.
(📆 )
Kazakhstan announced plans a few years ago to transition
in and
from the former Soviet country code
+7
to the new separate code
+997.
However, because of the disruption and cost associated with
the change, the plan was canceled before taking effect.
For the time being, Kazakhstan continues to share
+7
with Russia. Numbers beginning with
+7 7
are in Kazakhstan; most other
+7
numbers are in Russia.
Every telephone number in CI Cote d’Ivoire changed on
;
for full details, go to
ivoire.html.
Chaque numéro téléphonique en
CI Côte d’Ivoire changea le
;
pour tous les détails, voir
ivoire.html.
In 2023, Nigeria changed all landline
area codes, adding the prefix 20 before the old area code. For example,
Abuja +234 9 became
+234 209.
The old and new numbers will operate in parallel (permissive dialing)
through the end of 2023; as of
,
you must use the new number.
Non-geographic numbers and mobile phones were not affected.
Country code +242 is
CGRepublic of Congo(République du Congo),
including the capital, Brazzaville.
CG Congo
is the smaller nation to the northwest of
CD
Democratic Republic of Congo.
Country code
+243
is CDDemocratic Republic of Congo(République Démocratique du Congo),
including the capital, Kinshasa.
CD D.R. Congo,
formerly known as Zaire, is the much larger nation to the southeast of
CG Republic of Congo.
Country code
+249
is SDSudan.
On ,
SS South Sudan
split from Sudan, forming a new nation. Telephone country code
+211
is now in effect for South Sudan.
The new ISO
code and Internet domain
.SS
has been activated.
بلرمز
الهاتف
الدولي
+249
هو
SD السودان.
في
،
انفصل
SS جنوب
السودان
عن
السودان،
وشكلت
دولة
جديدة.
أصبح
رمز
الهاتف
الدولي
+211
ساري
المفعول
الآن
في
جنوب
السودان.
تم
تنشيط
رمز
ISO
الجديد
ومجال
الإنترنت
.SS.
DJ
Djibouti+253
changed every telephone number in the country, effective
.
Fixed lines in the city of Djibouti
and surrounding area are prefixed with ‘21’, other regions are
prefixed with ‘27’, and mobiles are prefixed with ‘77’.
Details in English, French, and
Arabic on the Africa page.
(Nouvelle
numérotation à Djibouti
•
الترقيم
الجديد
في
جيبوتي
)
French Indian Ocean:Major change!
The French overseas departmental collectivity of
YTMayotte
has separated telephonically from
KMComoros
(a separate independent nation) under
+269.
Effective
,
YTMayotte shares the
+262
code currently used by
RERéunion Island,
which is an overseas département of France.
Existing Mayotte landline numbers of the form
+269 xx xx xx
moved to
+262 269 xx xx xx;
mobile numbers of the form
+269 xx xx xx
moved to
+262 639 xx xx xx.
Existing numbers in Réunion and the Comoros are not affected.
(Renseignements en français
•
معلومات
باللغة
العربية)
Effective ,
SZ Swaziland
changed its name to
(the Kingdom of) Eswatini,
retaining the ISO code/Internet domain SZ and the
telephone country code
+268.
Kalaallit Nunaat,
also known as
GLGreenland
or Grønland,
has country code
+299.
Although the +2 zone is primarily for Africa, ITU policy allows
countries or territories in regions with no codes available
(such as the +5 zone where Greenland is located)
to use spare codes from other regions.
Country codes
+297
and +298
were allocated under the same rule. Even though the
+3/+4
zone for Europe now has spare codes available,
there is no plan to move
FO
the Faroe Islands
from +298
to a more European code.
VAVatican City
has been assigned country code
+379,
but has apparently made no progress towards implementing it.
Until further notice, continue to dial the Vatican City using
Italy’s country code
+39 06 698 xxxxx.
However, the .va Internet domain
is now in use for official websites.
YUYugoslavia split up, with
BABosnia and Herzegovina,
HRCroatia,
MKNorth Macedonia,
SISlovenia,
MEMontenegro,
and
RSSerbia
receiving separate country codes.
Kosovo declared independence from Serbia on
.
Although Serbia still claims Kosovo as an autonomous province,
Kosovo is recognized by more than half the member nations of
the United Nations.
The ITU has assigned telephone country code
+383
for Kosovo, and it is mostly operational, replacing numbering ranges in
+381 (RS Serbia),
+377 (MC Monaco),
+386 (SI Slovenia),
that were used on an interim basis.
Simply replace the interim country code with the new
+383 code;
the remainder of the number is unchanged. Because of its disputed
status, Kosovo has not yet been assigned an
ISO 3166-3
code; XK (officially a “user-assigned” code) is used
on an interim basis for some purposes, but not for an Internet
top-level domain. KV is available for assignment, but probably
not until the status of Kosovo is officially resolved.
Telephone country code +380
was assigned to Ukraine, and other spare
+38X codes
may be assigned elsewhere in Europe.
MK Republic of
North Macedonia
was known initially as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM),
or simply as the Republic of Macedonia, to reduce confusion with
the adjacent region in
GR Greece.
However, effective
,
it is now known as North Macedonia, to eliminate any ambiguity.
Country code
+44
for UKUnited Kingdom
also includes the British crown dependencies of
GGGuernsey
(+44 1481 landlines;
+44 7781 or
+44 7839 or
+44 7911 mobiles),
IMIsle of Man
(+44 1624 landlines;
+44 7524 or
+44 7624 or
+44 7924 mobiles), and
JEJersey
(+44 1534 landlines;
+44 7509 or
+44 7700 or
+44 7797 or
+44 7829 mobiles).
Mobiles in the UK are in the range
+44 74xx through
+44 79xx.
MXMexico
previously required that calls to mobiles insert the prefix ‘1’
between the country code
+52
and the area code.
For example, a landline in Guadalajara was
+52 33 xxxx xxxx,
but a mobile from Guadalajara was
+52 1 33 xxxx xxxx.
However, effective
,
the prefix 1 is no longer be necessary.
Mexico eliminated area codes, per se, combining the
former area code and local number into a uniform 10-digit
national number
(2+8
or 3+7).
All calls within Mexico are dialed as 10 digits with no prefix.
For more information, see mexico-2019.html.
MX México anteriormente requería que
las llamadas a móviles inserar el prefijo ‘1’
entre el código del país
+52
y la clave LADA (el indicativo regional).
Por ejemplo, para llamar a un teléfono fijo a Guadalajara, se marcaba
+52 33 xxxx xxxx,
pero para llamar a un móvil guadalajarense, se marcaba
+52 1 33 xxxx xxxx.
Sin embargo, a partir del
ya no se necesita el prefijo 1.
México eliminó las claves LADA, per se, en combinando
la clave anterior y el número local en un nuevo número nacional
de 10 dígitos (2+8 o 3+7).
Todas las llamadas dentro de México se marcan como 10 dígitos
sin ningún prefijo. Para más detalles, consultar
mexico-2019.html.
GPGuadeloupe
covers the French Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante,
La Désirade, and Les Saintes. The islands of
BLSaint-Barthélemy and
MFSaint-Martin
have separated politically from Guadeloupe, but continue to use
+590 and
.gp
for the time being.
SX Sint Maarten:
The Dutch side of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin changed from
+599 5 to
+1 721 5.
The change was originally to take effect
,
but was postponed to
,
mandatory
.
At present, all 7-digit local numbers in Sint Maarten begin
with the number ‘5’; all former numbers beginning with
+599 5
must now be dialed using North American area code
+1 721,
but other numbers in
+599
are not affected.
The French side of Saint-Martin remains in
+590,
and the other islands of the former
AN Netherlands Antilles
remain in +599.
Other changes are underway with the dissolution of
ANNetherlands Antilles
as a political entity.
AWAruba(+297)
left the N.A. on
to form a separate constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
CWCuraçao
and
SXSint Maarten did the same on
,
on which date
(BQ)
the BES islands
(Bonaire,
Sint Eustasius, and
Saba)
became municipalities in the province of Noord-Holland.
The new ISO
country code
(BQ)
is not yet in use for the Internet, but may be activated
in the future.
The .an
Internet domain has been discontinued as of
.
Until .bq
is activated, use
.nl
for the BES islands.
Country codes
+670 and
+671
were previously used for
MP the Commonwealth
of the Northern Mariana Islands(CNMI; includes Saipan and Tinian) and
GUGuam,
which have now joined the North American Numbering Plan
(country code +1).
You must now use
+1 670
for CNMI and
+1 671
for Guam.
(The new North American area codes match the previous international country codes.)
Country code +670
is now in use by
TLTimor-Leste (East Timor),
which declared its independence from
ID Indonesia
after two decades of occupation.
All landline numbers in Timor-Leste are 7 digits with no
city code or area code. Effective
,
7-digit mobile numbers beginning with
+670 7
add an additional 7 to the beginning of the subscriber number;
i.e.,+670 77.
New mobile numbers in the range
+670 78
have also been added.
Australian External Territories,
country code
+672,
includes
NF Norfolk Island
and the Australian bases in Antarctica. It once included
CC Cocos Islands
(+61 8 9162) and
CX Christmas Island
(+61 8 9164),
but those territories have been integrated into
+61
with AU Australia,
with numbers of the form
+61 8 916X XXXX.
In 2005, ASAmerican Samoa,
a U.S. territory in the Pacific Ocean, moved from
+684 to
+1 684.
(From North America,
011-684
changed to
1-684.)
Country code +684
is now available for reassignment.
(Please note that the change for American Samoa did not affect
WS
the Independent State of Samoa,
formerly known as Western Samoa, which retains country code
+685.)
New country codes
have been assigned for several European microstates in the
+37X range,
and for several Asian former Soviet republics in the
+99X range.
Kazakhstan is the only republic remaining in
+7
with Russia. There were plans to transition to a new code,
+997,
in and
, but those plans were
canceled before being implemented. For the foreseeable
future, Kazakhstan will continue to share
+7
with Russia.
VN Vietnam changed 98% of all telephone numbers
in 2017 and 2018. Details (in Vietnamese, English, and French) are
available on the
Vietnam 2018 page.
98% số điện thoại ở Việt Nam đã thay đổi trong năm 2017 và 2018:
Chi tiết
Au Vietnam, 98% des numéros de téléphone
ont changé en 2017 et 2018:
Détails
Italy, and possibly other countries,
formerly used country code
+851
(officially unassigned) for
DODominican Republic
(+1 809 &
+1 829 &
+1 849),
BMBermuda
(+1 441),
PRPuerto Rico
(+1 787 &
+1 939), and
VIU.S. Virgin Islands
(+1 340).
Country code +854
was also used for AIAnguilla
(+1 264),
BBBarbados
(+1 246), and
JMJamaica
(+1 876).
However, the correct codes are as shown above.
All other countries or territories formerly in
+1 809
(in the Caribbean region)
now have their own unique area codes within country code
+1.
DODominican Republic
is sometimes erroneously referred to as
“country code 809” — but in fact it is country code 1;
city codes 809, 829, and 849. Country code
+809
is unassigned.
TheRepublic
of China
(TWTaiwan)
is officially recognized by the ITU as a part of
CN
the People’s Republic of China.
The country code
+886
is designated as “Taiwan, China,”
as opposed to the designation of
+86
as “China (People’s Republic of).”
However, calls to Taiwan — including calls originating
from the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, or Macau —
are routed using country code
+886,
as shown in the table above.
(The
+86 6
numbering space in China’s numbering plan was previously
reserved for Taiwan, although China has now released those numbers
for assignment on the mainland.)
HKHong Kong
was politically united with the PRC on
1997-07-01;
all indications are that China has no plans to change the
numbering for Hong Kong in the foreseeable future.
MOMacau
was united with the PRC on
1999-12-20,
but also retains its separate country code.
Country code
+970
has been implemented for the areas controlled by
PS
the Palestinian Authority
in the West Bank and Gaza. Details remain sketchy.
For the foreseeable future, areas controlled by the Palestinian Authority
may be dialed by simply substituting
+970 for the
Israeli code +972,
using the same city code and local number. At some point in the future,
the Palestinians may undertake a renumbering of codes under
+970.
وقد تم تنفيذ
رمز البلد
+970
المناطق
التي تسيطر
عليها
السلطة
الفلسطينية
في الضفة
الغربية
وقطاع غزة.
التفاصيل لا
تزال غامضة.
في المستقبل
المنظور،
يمكن طلبه
المناطق
التي تسيطر
عليها
السلطة
الفلسطينية
ببساطة عن
طريق
استبدال
+970
لرمز
+972
الإسرائيلي،
وذلك
باستخدام
نفس رمز
المدينة
والرقم
المحلي. في
مرحلة ما في
المستقبل، قد
الفلسطينيين
إجراء إعادة
ترقيم رموز
تحت
+970.
Internet Notes
Internet notes:
The name of each country or territory is preceded by its
ISO
two-letter country code. In most cases, this two-letter code corresponds
to the national top-level Internet domain; for example, Turkey has the
.tr domain.
Thus, you can find both the telephone country code and the e-mail country
code here. Note that a few of the
ISO country codes are
not yet in use for the Internet:
EH Western Sahara,
PM Saint Pierre & Miquelon,
WF Wallis & Futuna Islands,
and
YT Mayotte.
Russia continues to use
.su
for some websites, more than 30 years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Also, for purposes other than the Internet, the
ISO code of
GB
for Great Britain is used for the United Kingdom.
(For example, GBP
is the currency code for British pounds.)
There are now more than a thousand other Internet top-level domains.
Here are just a few of those not listed above:
.com,
.net,
.org:
anybody, anywhere
.gov: government (USA only)
.mil: military (USA only)
.edu: educational (mostly USA)
.int: international treaty organizations
.arpa: special network functions, rDNS
.eu: European Union
.aq: Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
.gs: South Georgia
and the South Sandwich Islands
.hm: Heard Island and McDonald Islands
.pn: Pitcairn Islands
.tf: French Southern & Antarctic Lands
(TAAF)
.africa:
Africa
.asia: Asia/Pacific region
.arab: Arab League states
.scot:
Scotland
.wales/.cymru:
Wales
.cat:
Catalan language and culture
(per la llengua i la cultura catalá)
.tokyo:
the city of Tokyo, Japan
.eus:
Basque language and culture
(Euskara)
.name: individuals
.biz: businesses
.pro: licensed professionals
.aero: air transport industry
.coop: cooperatives
.info: informational web sites
.jobs: employment-related sites
.mobi: sites for mobile devices
.museum: museums
.tel: Internet telephony
.travel: travel and tourism
.xxx,
.adult:
explicit adult content
Internationalized Domain Names
Internationalized Domain Names:
More than 40 countries have been assigned
Internet domains
in addition to those shown above, including domain names in
other alphabets or character sets. Domains shown below with a
[ yellow ] background are
(proposed), or are in extremely limited use. Domains shown with a
[ gray ] background have
been approved, but do not yet have any domains at all.
There are also more than 100 general domain names in non-ASCII
character sets, including domains for specific companies or
organizations, cities or regions, and translations of
.com,
.net, and
.org.
